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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reflux</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about using reflux in chemical engineering and chemistry. For other usage, see <a href="Reflux_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reflux (disambiguation)">Reflux (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Reflux</b> is a technique involving the <a href="Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial<sup id="cite_ref-Kister_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kister-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and laboratory<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Distillation" title="Distillation">distillations</a>. It is also used in <a href="Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> to supply <a href="Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> to <a href="Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactions</a> over a long period of time.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflux_in_industrial_distillation">Reflux in industrial distillation</h2></div>

<p>The term <i>reflux</i><sup id="cite_ref-Kister_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kister-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is very widely used in industries that utilize large-scale <a href="Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">distillation columns</a> and <a href="Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractionators</a> such as <a href="Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">petroleum refineries</a>, <a href="Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> and <a href="Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a>, and <a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> processing plants.

</p><p>In that context, reflux refers to the portion of the overhead liquid product from a distillation column or fractionator that is returned to the upper part of the column as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical industrial distillation column. Inside the column, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and <a href="Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of the upflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficiency of the distillation column.

</p><p>The more reflux provided for a given number of <a href="Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">theoretical plates</a>, the better is the column's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Conversely, for a given desired separation, the more reflux is provided, the fewer theoretical plates are required.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflux_in_chemical_reactions">Reflux in chemical reactions</h2></div>

<p>A mixture of <a href="Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactants</a> and <a href="Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> is placed in a suitable vessel, such as a <a href="Round_bottom_flask" class="mw-redirect" title="Round bottom flask">round bottom flask</a>. This vessel is connected to a water-cooled <a href="Condenser_(laboratory)" title="Condenser (laboratory)">condenser</a>, which is typically open to the atmosphere at the top. The reaction vessel is heated in order to <a href="Boiling" title="Boiling"> boil</a> the reaction mixture; vapours produced from the mixture are condensed by the condenser, and return to the vessel through gravity. The purpose is to thermally accelerate the reaction by conducting it at an elevated, controlled temperature (i.e. the <a href="Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a>'s <a href="Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a>) and ambient pressure without losing large quantities of the mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-UT-Reflux_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UT-Reflux-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The diagram shows a typical reflux apparatus. It includes a <a href="Laboratory_water_bath" title="Laboratory water bath">water bath</a> to indirectly heat the mixture. As many solvents used are <a href="Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a>, direct heating with a <a href="Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burner</a> is not generally suitable, and alternatives such as a water bath, <a href="Oil_bath" title="Oil bath">oil bath</a>, <a href="Sand_bath" title="Sand bath">sand bath</a>, <a href="Hot_plate#In_scientific_research" title="Hot plate">electric hot plate</a> or <a href="Heating_mantle" title="Heating mantle">heating mantle</a> are employed.<sup id="cite_ref-UT-Reflux_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UT-Reflux-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflux_in_laboratory_distillation">Reflux in laboratory distillation</h2></div>

<p>The apparatus shown in the diagram represents a batch distillation as opposed to a <a href="Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">continuous distillation</a>. The liquid feed mixture to be distilled is placed into the round-bottomed flask along with a few <a href="Boiling_chip" title="Boiling chip">anti-bumping granules</a>, and the <a href="Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">fractionating column</a> is fitted into the top. As the mixture is heated and boils, vapor rises up the column. The vapor <a href="Condensation" title="Condensation">condenses</a> on the glass platforms (known as plates or trays) inside the column and runs back down into the liquid below, thereby refluxing the upflowing distillate vapor. The hottest tray is at the bottom of the column and the coolest tray is at the top. At steady state conditions, the vapor and liquid on each tray is at <a href="Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">equilibrium</a>. Only the most volatile of the vapors stays in <a href="Gas" title="Gas">gaseous</a> form all the way to the top. The vapor at the top of the column then passes into the <a href="Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condenser</a>, where it cools until it condenses into a liquid. The separation can be enhanced with the addition of more trays (to a practical limitation of heat, flow, etc.). The process continues until all the most volatile components in the liquid feed boil out of the mixture. This point can be recognized by the rise in temperature shown on the thermometer. For <a href="Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">continuous distillation</a>, the feed mixture enters in the middle of the column.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reflux_in_beverage_distillation">Reflux in beverage distillation</h2></div>

<p>By controlling the temperature of the condenser, often called a dephlegmator, a <i>reflux still</i> may be used to ensure that higher boiling point components are returned to the flask while lighter elements are passed out to a secondary condenser. This is useful in producing high quality <a href="Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic beverages</a>, while ensuring that less desirable components (such as <a href="Fusel_alcohol" title="Fusel alcohol">fusel alcohols</a>) are returned to the primary flask. For high quality neutral spirits (such as <a href="Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a>), or post distillation flavored spirits (gin, absinthe), a process of multiple distillations or charcoal filtering may be applied to obtain a product lacking in any suggestion of its original source material for <a href="Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermentation</a>. The geometry of the still also plays a role in determining how much reflux occurs. In a <i><a href="Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot still</a></i>, if the tube leading from the boiler to the condenser, the <i>lyne arm</i>, is angled upward, more liquid will have a chance to condense and flow back into the boiler leading to increased reflux. Typical results can increase production as high as 50% over the basic worm type condenser. The addition of a copper "boiling ball" in the path creates an area where expansion of gasses into the ball causes cooling and subsequent condensation and reflux. In a <i>column still</i>, the addition of inert materials in the column (e.g., packing) creates surfaces for early condensation and leads to increased reflux.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a> is refluxed with <a href="Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>-<a href="Benzophenone" title="Benzophenone">benzophenone</a> <a href="Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a> before it is distilled to give pure oxygen- and water-free toluene.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Industrial fractionating columns all of which use reflux</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Organic synthesis apparatus using reflux</div>

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<ul><li><a href="Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">Batch distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li>

<li><a href="McCabe-Thiele_method" class="mw-redirect" title="McCabe-Thiele method">McCabe-Thiele method</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFKister,_Henry_Z.1992" class="citation book cs1">Kister, Henry Z. (1992). <i><a href="Distillation_Design" title="Distillation Design">Distillation Design</a></i> (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-07-034909-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrell,_Erich.1982" class="citation book cs1">Krell, Erich. (1982). <i>Handbook of laboratory distillation : with an introduction into the pilot plant distillation</i> ([3rd] completely rev. 2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-08-087549-1</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/305628802">305628802</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPerry,_Robert_H.Green,_Don_W.1984" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Robert H. & Green, Don W. (1984). <i><a href="Perry's_Chemical_Engineers'_Handbook" title="Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook">Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook</a></i> (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-07-049479-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_C._Judson_(Cary_Judson),_1934-1980" class="citation book cs1">King, C. Judson (Cary Judson), 1934- (1980). <i>Separation processes</i> (2d ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-07-034612-7</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4882985">4882985</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTowler,_Gavin_P.2008" class="citation book cs1">Towler, Gavin P. (2008). <i>Chemical engineering design : principles, practice and economics of plant and process design</i>. Sinnott, R. K. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-08-055695-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191735762">191735762</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-UT-Reflux-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UT-Reflux_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UT-Reflux_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/webapps/chemistryonline/production/reflux.php">"What is Reflux?"</a>. <i>University of Toronto Scarborough - Chemistry Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lorien.ncl.ac.uk/ming/distil/distileqp.htm">Distillation column components</a>, Dr. Ming Tham, <a href="Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>, United Kingdom.</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Distillation74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Distillation" title="Distillation">Distillation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Raoult's_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalton's_law" title="Dalton's law">Dalton's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Fenske_equation" title="Fenske equation">Fenske equation</a></li>

<li><a href="McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method" title="McCabe–Thiele method">McCabe–Thiele method</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">Theoretical plate</a></li>

<li><a href="Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">Partial pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">Vapor–liquid equilibrium</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">Batch distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">Continuous distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li>

<li><a href="Kugelrohr" title="Kugelrohr">Kugelrohr</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotary_evaporator" title="Rotary evaporator">Rotary evaporator</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinning_band_distillation" title="Spinning band distillation">Spinning band distillation</a></li>

<li><a href="Still" title="Still">Still</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Azeotropic_distillation" title="Azeotropic distillation">Azeotropic</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalytic_distillation" title="Catalytic distillation">Catalytic</a></li>

<li><a href="Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive</a></li>

<li><a href="Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">Extractive</a></li>

<li><a href="Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional</a></li>

<li><a href="Reactive_distillation" title="Reactive distillation">Reactive</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt-effect_distillation" title="Salt-effect distillation">Salt-effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">Steam-based</a></li>

<li><a href="Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">Vacuum-based</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-08-30" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Reflux&oldid=1243117775">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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